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The need to determine the radiant heat flux (RHF) from bushfires for fire behaviour prediction, firefighter safety, or building protection planning purposes has lead to the development and implementation of a number of RHF models, most of which are based on the Stefan-Boltzmann equation of radiative heat transfer. However, because of the complex nature of bushfire flames, a number of assumptions are made in order to make the implementation of the radiative heat transfer equation practical for wildland fire applications. The main assumptions are: bushfire flame characteristics (geometry, temperature), flame radiative qualities (emission type, emissivity), and the view of the flame at the receiving element. The common assumption of a uniform emissivity of unity and an isothermal rectangular emitting surface produces a generic RHF model described here as an 'opaque box'. Because of the broad assumptions …