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Extinction within the reconsolidation window, or ‘retrieval-extinction’, has received much research interest as a possible technique for targeting the reconsolidation of maladaptive memories with a behavioural intervention. However, it remains to be determined whether the retrieval-extinction effect—a long-term reduction in fear behaviour, which appears resistant to spontaneous recovery, renewal and reinstatement—depends specifically on destabilisation of the original memory (the ‘reconsolidation-update’ account) or represents facilitation of an extinction memory (the ‘extinction-facilitation’ account). We propose that comparing the neurotransmitter systems, receptors and intracellular signalling pathways recruited by reconsolidation, extinction and retrieval-extinction will provide a way of distinguishing between these accounts.