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In this chapter we review the long-term follow-up studies that have tested Kraepelin's assumptions about the course and outcome of schizophrenia. These studies provide support for a more positive prognosis than is typically assumed for people with this illness. In reviewing these findings, we discuss criteria for recovery, contrasting symptom-based criteria and criteria based on functionality. We also discuss the effect of diverse diagnostic criteria on the research findings and the question of whether medications and rehabilitative treatment play a significant role in recovery or whether recovery occurs spontaneously regardless of treatment. Finally, we argue for a greater understanding of the role of sociocultural factors as they influence the course and outcome of schizophrenia.(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)