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Using 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy during and after exercise, we studied whether forearm metabolic responses to exercise were improved by 1 mo of training in 10 males with heart failure. In the control (untrained) arm, there were no changes in any of the measured variables. In the trained arm, maximal voluntary contraction increased 6% (P = 0.05). During incremental exercise, duration increased 19% (P < 0.05) and submaximal responses improved for pH (6.78 +/- 0.13 pretraining vs. 6.85 +/- 0.17 posttraining; P < 0.01) and PCr/(PCr+Pi) (where PCr is phosphocreatine; 0.48 +/- 0.09 pretraining vs. 0.52 +/- 0.07 posttraining; P < 0.01). The PCr resynthesis rate increased by 48% (P < 0.01), and estimated effective maximal rate of mitochondrial ATP synthesis increased by 37% (P < 0.05). Endurance exercise duration increased by 67% (P < 0.01), and submaximal levels of PCr/(PCr+Pi) (P < 0.05) and pH (P …