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Fenethylline is a theophylline derivative of amphetamine having stimulant effects similar to those of other amphetaminetype derivatives. Fenethylline was used as medicament for hyperactivity disorders in children, narcolepsy and depression, but it has also been used as a drug of abuse under the common name of ‘captagon’. Unlike other drugs of abuse, the clandestine synthesis of fenethylline is simple, using inexpensive laboratory instrumentation and raw materials legal to obtain. A review of all the existing knowledge of fenethylline is reported, concerning its chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology and toxicology, legislation, its prevalence and use as drug of abuse, as well as its analysis in biological or seized samples. Published or reported captagonrelated cases and seizures are also presented. All the reviewed information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the Internet. The primary drug …