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CD34⁺ hematopoietic stem cells are used clinically to support cytotoxic therapy, and recent studies raised hope that they could even serve as a cellular source for nonhematopoietic tissue engineering. Here, we examined in 18 volunteers the gene expressions of 1185 genes in highly enriched bone marrow CD34⁺(BM-CD34⁺) or granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral blood CD34⁺(PB-CD34⁺) cells by means of cDNA array technology to identify molecular causes underlying the functional differences between circulating and sedentary hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. In total, 65 genes were significantly differentially expressed. Greater cell cycle and DNA synthesis activity of BM-CD34⁺ than PB-CD34⁺ cells were reflected by the 2- to 5-fold higher expression of 9 genes involved in cell cycle progression, 11 genes regulating DNA synthesis, and cell cycle–initiating transcription …