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27 Prematurity (also referred to as preterm birth, PTB) is a complex, challenging 28 pathophysiological condition associated with an elevated risk of long-term morbidity and 29 mortality. In Western societies, PTB constitutes the leading cause of death among children 30 under 5 years of age (Blencowe et al., 2013; Frey and Klebanoff, 2016; Petrou et al., 2019). 31 The worldwide incidence [95% confidence interval (CI)] of PTB in 2014 was estimated to be 32 10.60%[9.00-12.00](Chawanpaiboon et al., 2019). In France, the incidence of PTB in 2016 33 was estimated to be 7.50%[7.10-8.00] and had increased steadily since 1995 (Blondel et al., 34 2017). The etiology of PTB is multifaceted and encompassed a wide range of 35 sociodemographic, medical, obstetric, fetal, psychosocial, and environmental factors. 36 Epidemiologic studies have shown that air pollution is associated with several negative health 37 …