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Nanotechnology involves the use of materials whose components exhibit novel and significantly changed properties when control is gained at the atomic, molecular, and supramolecular level. Although nanomaterials have been revolutionizing traditional science and engineering disciplines (eg, catalytic, mechanical, electrical), advantages of nanophase materials in biological applications remain to date largely uninvestigated. The objective of this in vitro study has been to determine osteoblast (bone-forming cell) functionality on ultrafine grained metal surfaces. Results provide evidence of increased osteoblast adhesion on ultrafine commercial purity titanium and Ti-6A1-4V compared to respective conventional grain size metals after 4 hour exposure. Since adhesion is a prerequisite for deposition of calcium-containing bone-forming minerals, further enhancement is expected on ultrafine grained metals. This study …