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Pike (Esox lucius) populations across the central and southern Baltic Sea have undergone declines in recent decades. The underlying reasons are not fully understood but the loss of access to freshwater habitats in tributaries to brackish lagoons may be one important factor in some localities. Our objective was to synthesize evidence for the presence of historic and contemporary anadromy in pike from the brackish lagoon systems around the Fischland-Darß-Zingst peninsula and the islands of Hiddensee, Rügen and Usedom (Germany) by combining a review of grey literature, interviews with local citizens with knowledge tracing back to the mid-20th century, and field studies based on a range of methods, including telemetry, fyke netting and electrofishing of tributaries during the spawning seasons in the years 2020–2022. Genetic analyses were used to validate the existence of reproductively isolated …