查看文章

This study synthesized TiO₂ nanoparticles using the sol–gel method assisted by heat from Titanium (IV) Isopropoxide. Samples were calcined at 400, 600, and 800 °C, and studied for self-cleaning application. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy. A self-cleaning application test was also performed using methylene blue dye as a form of contaminant. The TiO₂ nanoparticles showed improved crystallinity with increased calcination temperature and experienced a phase transformation from anatase to rutile after 800 °C calcination. Crystallite size ranged from 5.11 to 24.97 nm for anatase and 15.85 to 24.72 nm for the rutile from the XRD result. Raman spectra showed increased peak intensities with an increase in calcination temperature. The grain size …