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Fluoride-modification of dental titanium (Ti) implants is used to improve peri-implant bone growth and bone-to-implant contact and adhesion strength. In this study, the surface topography, chemistry and biocompatibility of polished Ti surfaces treated with hydrofluoric acid solution (HF) were studied. Murine osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1) were cultured on the different groups of Ti surfaces. Surfaces treated with HF had higher roughness, lower cytotoxicity level and better biocompatibility than controls. For short treatment times (40 and 90s), fluorine was detected only within the first 5nm of the surface layer (X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy, XPS), whereas longer treatment time (120 and 150s) caused fluoride ions to penetrate deeper (Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, SIMS). These results suggest that submerging Ti implants in a weak HF solution instigate time-dependant specific surface changes that are linked to the …