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To investigate the proliferation and differentiation potential of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) in a three‐dimensional culture model (TDM) by incorporation of VEGF and BMP‐2.

TDM was established using fibrin gel (fg) as a soft tissue matrix and demineralized dentine disc (dd) as a hard tissue matrix. DPSCs and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were encapsulated in fibrin gel (fg‐VEGF) and then inserted into bone morphogenetic protein (BMP‐2)‐coated demineralized dentine discs (dd‐BMP‐2). DPSCs were incubated for 28 days in various fg/dd combinations in the absence or presence of VEGF and BMP‐2. Proliferation and morphology of DPSCs in fibrin gel were analysed using MTT and Live&Dead assays. Release profiles of VEGF and BMP‐2 from fibrin gel and dentine discs were quantified using ELISA, and the expressions of angiogenic and odontogenic differentiation …