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Cell proliferation, differentiation and death are controlled by a multitude of cell?cell signals, and loss of this control has devastating consequences. Prominent among these regulatory signals is the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of cytokines, which can trigger a bewildering diversity of responses, depending on the genetic makeup and environment of the target cell. What are the networks of cell-specific molecules that mould the TGF-β response to each cell's needs?