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Bloodstream infection (BSI) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a well‐known complication during the pre‐engraftment phase. Knowledge of trends in etiology and antibiotic susceptibility of BSI is important as the time to effective antibiotic treatment is closely associated with survival in bacteremic patients with septic shock.

BSI during the pre‐engraftment phase was studied retrospectively in 521 patients undergoing HSCT at our center in 2001–2008. Incidence, risk factors, outcome, and microbiology findings were investigated and compared with BSI in a cohort transplanted during 1975–1996.

The incidence of at least 1 episode of BSI was 21%, the total attributable mortality of BSI was 3.3%, and crude mortality at day 120 after transplantation was 21%. The rate of gram‐positive and gram‐negative BSI was 80% and 13%, respectively. Gram‐negative …