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Oesophageal cancer is the 19th most common cancer in the European Union (EU), with∼ 45 900 new cases diagnosed in 2012 (1% of the total). In the EU, the highest age-standardised incidence rates for oesophageal cancer are in the Netherlands for men and the UK for women [1]. Variation between countries is high and may reflect different prevalence of risk factors, use of screening and diagnostic methods. Between 2000–04 and 2005–09, oesophageal cancer mortality declined by 7%(from 5.34 to 4.99/100 000) in EU men, and by 3%(from 1.12 to 1.09/100 000) in EU women. Predictions to 2015 show persistent declines in mortality rates for men in the EU overall and stable rates for EU women, with rates for 2015 of 4.5/100 000 men (∼ 22 300 deaths) and 1.1/100 000 women (∼ 7400 deaths).

Oesophageal cancer has two main subtypes—oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and oesophageal …