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Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health problem with an increasing incidence worldwide. Data on the cost-effectiveness of CKD screening in the general population have been conflicting. Study Design Systematic review. Setting & Population General, hypertensive, and diabetic populations. No restriction on setting. Selection Criteria for Studies Studies that evaluated the cost-effectiveness of screening for CKD. Intervention Screening for CKD by proteinuria or estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Outcomes Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of screening by proteinuria or eGFR compared with either no screening or usual care. Results 9 studies met criteria for inclusion. 8 studies evaluated the cost-effectiveness of proteinuria screening and 2 evaluated screening with eGFR. For proteinuria screening, incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ranged from $14,063-$160,018/quality-adjusted life …