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MATTERS ARISING NATURE PLANTS trials indicates a statistically significant difference between the positive control biolistic method and both the negative control and the magnetofection protocol (P< 10− 6 for both). In conclusion, using the protocol described by Zhao et al., we were unable to reproduce any evidence of transient transformation in lily pollen via magnetofection. Although we cannot rule out transient transformation at very rare frequencies, we suspect that the report of~ 90% transient expression efficiency following the magnetofection of lily pollen was due to endogenous GUS activity, rather than that from the GUS reporter used for assessing magnetofection success. Finally, given our lack of success in lily, sorghum and maize despite extensive trials, we also could not generate evidence to support the idea of broad applicability for pollen magnetofection across monocots. We note that we cannot …