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Numerous studies have documented the determinants of sexual behavior among adolescents in less‐developed countries, yet relatively little is known about the influence of social contexts such as school and neighborhood. Using two waves of data from a school‐based longitudinal survey conducted in Malawi from 2011–13, this study advances our understanding of the relationship between school‐level socioeconomic contexts and adolescents’ sexual activity. The results from two‐level multinomial logistic regression models suggest that high socioeconomic composition of the student body in school decreases the odds of initiation of sexual activity, independent of other important features of schools and individual‐level characteristics. This study also finds that the association between school socioeconomic composition and sexual activity is statistically significant among male adolescents but not female …