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We investigated whether HSV gene transfer of HSP72 in vivo and in vitro: (1) protected cornu ammonis 1 region of the hippocampus neurons from global cerebral ischemia; and (2) affected Bcl‐2 expression. HSV vectors expressing HSP72 and β‐galactosidase (reporter) or β‐galactosidase only (control vector) were injected into cornu ammonis 1 region of the hippocampus 15 hours before induction of global cerebral ischemia (n = 10) and sham‐operated rats (n = 8). HSP72 vector–treated rats displayed significantly more surviving transfected neurons (X‐gal‐positive, 31 ± 8) compared with control vector–treated rats (10 ± 4) after global cerebral ischemia. Sham‐operated rats displayed similar numbers of X‐gal–positive neurons (HSP72 vector 18 ± 8 vs control vector 20 ± 7). The percentage of β‐galactosidase and Bcl‐2 coexpressing neurons in HSP72‐treated rats after global cerebral ischemia (84 ± 4%) was …