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The response of forest growth to climate variability varies along environmental gradients. A growth increase and decrease with warming is usually observed in cold‐humid and warm‐dry regions, respectively. However, it remains poorly known where the sign of these temperature effects switches. Here we introduce a newly developed European tree ring network that has been specifically collected to reconstruct forest aboveground biomass increment (ABI). We quantify, how the long‐term (1910–2009) interannual variability of ABI depends on local mean May–August temperature and test, if a dynamic global vegetation model ensemble reflects the resulting patterns. We find that sites at 8 °C mean May–August temperature increase ABI on average by 5.7 ± 1.3%, whereas sites at 20 °C decrease ABI by 3.0 ± 1.8% m⁻² year⁻¹ Δ°C⁻¹. A threshold temperature between beneficial and detrimental effects of warming and …