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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a relatively new treatment for human male-related infertility (1992) and for the production of transgenic animals (1995). However, ICSI bypasses many natural biological processes such as sperm maturation, interaction within the female genital tract, sperm capacitation, interaction with oocyte vestments, and sperm membrane fusion with the oocyte. With the widespread use of this technology, its potential adverse outcomes need to be ascertained. It is theoretically possible that ICSI may cause specific problems through injury to the sperm or egg or injection of damaged or defective sperm. Here, we determined if ICSI has a long-term effect on mouse growth, behavior, and health. Female CD1 mice were superovulated and oocytes were injected with frozen-thawed spermatozoa (without cryoprotector or chelating agent) obtained from CD1 mice epididymes (Moreira et al. 2004 …