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The parent–child relationship is often the first and most foundational bond, serving as the groundwork upon which all other social bonds will be built upon. It consists of deeply self-relevant stimuli of such critical evolutionary importance for our survival as a species that it may be deeply embedded within the brain. The current chapter will review research on how parents are represented in their child’s brain and how a child is represented in the parent’s brain. We will also describe how emerging work is beginning to characterize synchronous neural response in both members of the parent–child dyad in real time, providing insight into potential mechanisms that support the co-construction of these neural representations over time. We will conclude by examining how the parent–child bond may provide a window into the self–other overlap that occurs, to some extent, in all social relationships throughout the life span.