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Importance More than 50 million US residents have lost work during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and food insecurity has increased. Objective To evaluate the association between receipt of unemployment insurance, including a $600/wk federal supplement between April and July, and food insecurity among people who lost their jobs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study used difference-in-differences analysis of longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample of US adults residing in low-and middle-income households (ie,< $75 000 annual income) who lost work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were from 15 waves of the Understanding Coronavirus in America study (conducted April 1 to November 11, 2020). Exposure Receipt of unemployment insurance benefits. Main Outcomes and Measures Food insecurity and eating less …