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The present study compared the treatment changes in the upper airway, hyoid bone position and craniofacial morphology between two groups of children with skeletal class II malocclusion treated with the headgear activator (HGA) and Herbst appliance (Herbst).

Orthodontic population from the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Hong Kong.

Thirty‐four skeletal class II patients treated with the HGA (17 patients, mean age 10.6 ± 1.5 years) and the Herbst (17 patients, mean age 11.0 ± 1.4 years) were matched for sex, age, overjet, skeletal class and mandibular divergence. The patients received lateral cephalometric radiographs (LCRs) at the beginning of treatment (T₁), after treatment (T₂) and at follow‐up (T₃). In the HGA group, patients underwent LCRs 7 months before the beginning of treatment (T₀), which were used as growth reference for intra‐group …