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Cranial nerve non-invasive neuromodulation (CN-NINM) is delivered using a Portable Neuromodulation Stimulation (PoNS™) device that stimulates two cranial nerve nuclei (trigeminal and facial nerve nuclei) using electrodes embedded in a mouthpiece that rests on the tongue. Danilov and colleagues reported that prolonged and repetitive (20 minutes or more) tongue stimulation coupled with specific training of balance and gait can initiate long-lasting neuronal reorganization that can be measured in participants' behaviour [1]. Individuals with primary vestibular disorders who trained using electrical stimulation through the tongue together with feedback about head position demonstrated sustained balance improvements [2]. Motor performance and working memory performance improvements have been also reported in a group of patients with multiple sclerosis using the PoNS™[3]. To date, however, there have …