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Friable embryogenic callus (FEC) currently forms the tissue of choice for gene transfer to cassava tissues. However, this technology has not been sufficiently adopted in most laboratories, partly because of the challenging protocols involved in FEC production. Therefore, the development of transformation systems targeting readily accessible explants could enable the rapid improvement of this essential root tuber. This study developed a simple, efficient, and rapid transformation protocol for three elite cassava cultivars (TMS 60444, 08/354, KME 1) using immature leaf lobes (ILLs). Factors affecting callus and somatic embryo formation, such as auxin concentration and culture photoperiod, were optimized. Cassava transformation was achieved by co-cultivation of ILLs and callus with Agrobacterium strain EHA101 harboring pTF102 plasmid. We report a positive interactive effect between dark treatment and an …