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This study examines the effects of climate and the degree of forest fragmentation legacies on response of oak to drought. A microcosm approach was set up with holm oak seedlings from three provenances grown in soils coming from two regions of contrasting climate (drier vs. wetter), and three scenarios of forest fragmentation (low, mid, and high agricultural matrix influence). We measured different indicators of the plant-soil system functioning such as ecosystem respiration, net ecosystem exchange, gross primary productivity, stomatal conductance, quantum yield, biomass allocation, and mycorrhization. Legacies of the bioclimatic region and the degree of forest fragmentation on soil properties drove the response to drought of an experimental plant-soil system, masking the effects of seedling provenance. The system was functionally more resistant to drought in soils from forest fragments with more agricultural …