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Neutrophils have long been regarded as the first line of defense against infection and one of the main cell types involved in initiation of the inflammatory response. It is generally accepted that the innate immunity functions of neutrophils are mainly mediated by phagocytosis, release of granules, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In recent years, however, accumulating evidence has shown that neutrophils possess greater functional diversity than previously appreciated. Thus, the classical view of neutrophils as simple cytotoxic leukocytes against pathogens is currently being revisited. Neutrophils display an array of biological functions important for both innate and adaptive immune responses. Neutrophils can produce many cytokines and chemokines upon stimulation, and in this way, they can interact with endothelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, and B …