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Optical spectroscopy has been extensively studied as a potential in vivo diagnostic tool that can provide information about both the chemical and morphologic structure of tissue in near real time. Most in vivo studies have concentrated on elastic scattering and fluorescence spectroscopies since these signals can be obtained with a good signal-to-noise ratio quickly. However, Raman spectroscopy, an inelastic scattering process, provides a wealth of spectrally narrow features that can be related to the specific molecular structure of the sample. Because of these advantages, Raman spectroscopy has been used to study static and dynamic properties of biologically important molecules in solution, in single living cells, in cell cultures, and more recently, in tissues. This article reviews recent developments in the attempt to develop diagnostic techniques for precancers and cancers, based on Raman spectroscopy. The …