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Maize (Zea mays L.) for northern growing areas requires cold tolerance for extending the vegetative period. Our objectives were to evaluate two large panels of maize inbred lines adapted to Europe for cold tolerance and to estimate the effects of cold‐related traits on biomass production. Two inbred panels were evaluated for cold tolerance per se and in testcrosses under cold and control conditions in a growth chamber and under field conditions. Comparisons of inbreds and groups of inbreds were made taking into account the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)‐based genetic structure of the panels, and the factors affecting biomass production were studied. Eight flint and one dent inbred with diverse origins were the most cold tolerant. The most cold‐tolerant dent and flint groups were the Iodent Ph207 and the Northern Flint D171 groups, respectively. The relationships between inbred per se and testcross …