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Titanium dioxide nanofiber (TDNF) is widely used in the manufacture of various household products, including cosmetics. As a result, the possibility exists for TDNFs to affect human health. Because the kidneys are responsible for filtering out waste from the blood, the goal of the present study was to investigate the short-term effects of TDNF on kidney function of male Sprague Dawley rats. To achieve study objectives, 6-to 7-wk-old male rats were exposed via oral gavage to a total of 0, 40, and 60 parts per million of TDNF for 2 wk. The TDNF was fabricated by electrospinning and then dissolved in water. We measured serum concentration of lactate dehydrogenase, renal histopathology, identification of TDNF in kidney tissue via scanning electron microscopy, and quantitative amounts of titanium-47 in kidney tissue. We also measured specific gene-expression analysis of transcripts involved in apoptosis, inflammation …