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This work describes a dynamic model of the low back that incorporates extensive anatomical detail of the musculo-ligamentous-skeletal system to predict the load time histories of individual tissues. The dynamic reaction moment about L4 L5 was determined during lateral bending from a linked-segment model. This reaction moment was partitioned into restorative components provided by the disc, ligament strain, and active-muscle contraction using a second model of the spine that incorporated a detailed representation of the anatomy. Muscle contraction forces were estimated using both information from surface electromyograms, collected from 12 sites, and consideration of the modulating effects of muscle length, cross-sectional area and passive elasticity. This modelling technique is sensitive to the different ways in which individuals recruit their musculature to satisfy moment constraints. Time histories of muscle …