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Purpose: This study investigated the reliability of tongue and hand strength and endurance measurements in old adults using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). Method: Thirty aged-care residents (6 males and 24 females) aged 79–97 years were tested on four occasions two weeks apart to determine test–retest reliability. The primary outcome measures were isometric anterior and posterior tongue and hand strength (best of three trials) and isometric tongue and hand endurance time at 50% of maximal strength. Results: Changes in the mean between sessions for tongue and hand strength indicated acceptable (< 10%) reliability particularly with familiarisation. The within-subject variation (mean-typical error expressed as a coefficient of variation, CV) indicated higher than acceptable variation for anterior and posterior tongue and hand strength. Intra-class correlations (ICC) indicated moderate to strong …