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Lung structure and function vary with age, with lung function declining predictably from young adulthood into advanced stages of life. To identify pathophysiology within the context of development and senescence, reference equations have been developed for standard functional measures (eg, spirometry and DLCO). Beyond global lung function, ventilation can be assessed regionally using hyperpolarized xenon (Xe) MRI, and this modality has been applied in a range of diseases, including IPF, asthma, and COPD. Moreover, Xe MRI of ventilation received FDA approval in 2022, suggesting it will become increasingly prominent in translational research and care. While hypoventilated lung volume has been shown to increase with age, agedependent variations in regional ventilation have not been studied systematically, making it challenging to distinguish pathology from normal aging and detect early …