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We estimated the value of ecosystem services in Bhutan using benefit transfer methodology in order to determine an initial assessment of their overall contribution to human well-being . The total estimated value was approximately $15.5 billion/yr (NU760 billion/yr), significantly greater than the gross domestic product (GDP) of $3.5 billion/yr.

We also estimated who benefits from Bhutan's ecosystem services. 53% of the total benefits accrue to people outside Bhutan. 47% of the benefits accrue to people inside the country—15 % at the national level, and 32% at the local level. Based on this and a population of 700,000 we estimated Bhutan’s combined per capita annual benefits at $15,400/capita/yr. Of this $5000 is from goods and services captured in GDP and $10,400 is from ecosystem services. This is only a partial estimate that leaves out other sources of benefits to people, including social and cultural values.

This …