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Different techniques have been proposed so far to improve the performance of thermal-driven membrane modules applied in solar desalination systems. These techniques have increased the freshwater productivity of the system but at the cost of its increased overall specific energy requirement. Due to this major drawback, the main objective of this study is to implement nanofluid in the feed stream of a heat pipe solar membrane-based desalination system, which not only aims to improve the freshwater productivity of the system, but also has the capability of decreasing its specific energy requirement. Synthetic seawater (with the salinity of 3.5%) was generated by dissolving appropriate amount of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) salt in normal tap water and used as the base fluid. Then, Aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) nanoparticles were applied to fabricate the nanofluid. The performance of the system in terms of freshwater …