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A meta‐analysis of adult exercise studies and an infant activity trial show a possible interaction between physical activity and calcium intake on bone. This randomized trial of activity and calcium supplementation was conducted in 239 children aged 3‐5 years (178 completed). Children were randomized to participate in either gross motor or fine motor activities for 30 minutes/day, 5 days per week for 12 months. Within each group, children received either calcium (1000 mg/day) or placebo. Total body and regional bone mineral content by DXA and 20% distal tibia measurements by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) were obtained at 0 and 12 months. Three‐day diet records and 48‐h accelerometer readings were obtained at 0, 6, and 12 months. Higher activity levels were observed in gross motor versus fine motor activity groups, and calcium intake was greater in calcium versus placebo …