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OBJECTIVES (i) An update of the national analysis a) to assess the confounding and modifying effect of community and neighbourhood level ecological covariates on the air pollution–mortality association at various scales; b) to assess how spatial autocorrelation and multiple levels can be taken into account within the random effects Cox Model;(iii) to assess the impact of refinement of air pollution exposure to the within-city or intraurban scale using land-use regression on the size and significance of health effects in Los Angeles and New York; and (iv) to evaluate critical exposure time windows most relevant for the air pollution-mortality association.