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This chapter examines the success and expansion of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) and its role both in strengthening the position of the Education Directorate within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and in enhancing the significance of the OECD’s education work globally. The authors provide a brief contextualization of the changing role of the OECD in response to economic globalization. This is followed by an account of the changing place of the Education Directorate within the OECD’s organizational structure since the 1990s, related to the rise of PISA and the recent development of a crossdirectorate Skills Strategy. They then analyse the expansion of PISA in three domains: the broadening scope of PISA (what is measured); its increasing scale (the extent of coverage); and efforts to enhance its explanatory power (to inform policy makers of what works). Data collected through more than thirty interviews with policy actors located at the OECD and within national education systems (Australia and England), as well as OECD documents, provide an empirical basis for the analysis. Overall, the authors argue that the OECD and PISA have contributed to the creation of new modes of global governance in education.