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Nanotechnology is a science that seeks to understand and produce nanomaterials and apply them to develop new products with different but enhanced properties in comparison to materials and functions that are not achievable at the macroscale level particularly to improve the barrier properties in polymeric composites, mainly for the use of these materials in food packaging. There has been growing interest in the development of such materials and attempts to use them for this purpose. Keeping these in mind, this chapter presents an overview of the preparation methods of nanomaterials, their classification, characteristics, and applications particularly in the development of polymer-based nanocomposites using different types of nanomaterials (particles, nanotubes, graphenes, nanoclays, nanocellulose, nanometals, nanoceramics, and nanochitosan) in improving barrier characteristics to O₂, CO₂, vapor water …