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Lignocellulosic biomass that is obtained as agriculture by-products and/or industrial residues is a nonfoodstuff competitive feedstock for the sustainable production of important liquid fuels such as bioethanol or biobutanol and chemical products through the biorefinery processes.

Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are the main components of lignocellulosic biomass. From the biochemical point of view, high amounts of sugars present in cellulose and hemicellulose can be chemically produced, using acid as the catalyst, or enzymatically hydrolyzed and converted into biofuels by a fermentation process.

Pretreatment technologies based on biological approaches are interesting to improve the efficiency of the bioconversion processes and to overcome barriers in the scale-up and commercialization of renewable biorefineries.

In this chapter, after a brief introduction, a preliminary analysis of suitable strains and their …