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Background:

Although early reports have suggested an association between circumcision and prostate cancer (PCa) development, results of subsequent epidemiological studies have been conflicting. Here we examine published articles that explore this association.

Methods:

We searched MEDLINE through PubMed and Embase for articles reporting on the association between PCa and circumcision, and performed a meta-analysis of qualifying studies.

Results:

On the basis of seven reports of case–control studies published from 1971 to 2014, overall findings showed nonsignificant reduced risk (odds ratio (OR) 0.88, P= 0.19) of PCa in circumcised men compared with uncircumcised men, obtained under heterogeneous conditions (I 2= 65%). Heterogeneity and nonsignificance were erased when the overall effect was subjected to outlier treatment and three studies omitted (OR 0.90, P= 0.04, I 2= 0%). Furthermore …