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Heat shock proteins (HSP) are highly conserved molecules whose expression is induced in eukaryotic cells following a broad spectrum of environmental stresses. These proteins can also be expressed by virally transformed cells and cancer cells and are important targets for T lymphocytes. Little is known about the abundance and distribution of HSP in the normal lung, the effect of cigarette smoking on their expression, or their expression in human lung carcinomas. We have used monoclonal antibodies coupled with immunohistochemical and immunoelectrophoretic techniques to evaluate the distribution of four different HSP (HSP 90 kD, HSP 73 kD/constitutive, HSP 72 kD/inducible, and HSP 63 kD) in normal lung (n = 14) and lung cancers (n = 15). In lung tissue from nonsmokers (n = 7), bronchiolar epithelial cells were intensely positive for HSP 90 kD and HSP 72 kD/inducible and weakly reactive for HSP 63 kD …