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Direct emissions of air pollutants from the cement industry in China were estimated by developing a technology-based methodology using information on the proportion of cement produced from different types of kilns and the emission standards for the Chinese cement industry. Historical emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_X), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) were estimated for the years 1990–2008, and future emissions were projected up to 2020 based on current energy-related and emission control policies. Compared with the historical high (4.36Tg of PM_2.5, 7.16Tg of PM₁₀ and 10.44Tg of TSP in 1997), PM emissions are predicted to drop substantially by 2020, despite the expected tripling of cement production. Certain other air pollutant emissions, such as CO and SO₂, are also predicted to decrease with the progressive closure of shaft kilns. NO_X …