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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with deadly, disabling, and costly consequences for individuals, families, communities, and countries. Although they are phenotypically distinct, diabetes subtypes (type 1, type 2, gestational, and other forms) are all defined by elevated blood glucose levels. Approximately 95 percent of diabetes cases worldwide are type 2 diabetes (previously known as adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes), which is the focus of this chapter. Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes) most commonly begins in childhood and adolescence. Gestational diabetes refers to elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy among women without previous diabetes and is associated with fetal, birthing, and early childhood complications as well as higher risk