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As we were writing this preface, the COP21 international conference on climate change was being held in Paris, highlighting the importance of all initiatives to protect the future of the planet. Forests, and more generally trees, play a key role in carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas mitigation. Many trees live in strict symbiosis with ectomycorrhizal fungi that are important for ecosystems’ functioning. Some ectomycorrhizal species, such as boletes and truffles, are also famous because they form edible fructifications, and truffles belonging to the Tuber genus, the so-called “true truffles,” are gourmet delicacies worldwide. The genus Tuber includes around 180 species, most of which are naturally distributed in the northern hemisphere. Some Tuber species, such as Tuber magnatum (the Italian white truffle), T. melanosporum (the Perigord black truffle), T. aestivum (the Burgundy truffle), and T. borchii (the bianchetto …