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Renalase is a novel flavoprotein, highly expressed in kidney and heart, which metabolizes catecholamines and catecholamine-like substances via a superoxide (O2^–)-dependent mechanism using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a cofactor. Its mechanism of action is distinct from that of monoaminooxidases A and B, because it oxidizes catecholamines (epinephrine>>L-DOPA>dopamine = norepinephrine) to aminochrome, and the reaction rate increases ∼4- to 6-fold in presence of NADH. Tissue and plasma renalase levels are decreased in animal models of chronic kidney disease, and renalase deficiency is associated with increased blood pressure and elevated circulating catecholamines. Renalase plasma levels, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, are reported to be ∼ 5-fold higher in patients with end-stage renal disease than in normal control subjects. They were also …