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Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging tumor-inhibiting method that has gained attention in cancer therapy in the last several years. Although autophagy has been observed in SDT-treated cancer cells, its role and mechanism of action remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of low-frequency ultrasound on autophagy and drug-resistance of paclitaxel (PTX)-resistant PC-3 cells via the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs)-mediated PI3K/AT/mTOR signaling pathway.

CCK-8 assay was conducted to select the appropriate exposure time for PTX-resistant PC-3 cells under low-frequency ultrasound. PTX-resistant PC-3 cells were divided into a control group, PTX group, ultrasound group, ultrasound + PTX group, ultrasound + PTX + autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) siRNA group, and ultrasound + 4-PBA (an ERs inhibitor) group. Autophagy was observed by transmission electron …