查看文章

This study extends the debate on environmental performance in PIIGS countries by examining the dynamic association between economic complexity, foreign direct investment, renewable energy, urbanization process, and carbon emissions from1990–2019. The dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) estimator is applied for empirical analysis. The empirical evidence reveals the association between economic complexity and CO₂ emissions is inverted-U and further N-shaped relationship. This confirms the presence of environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypotheses in the region. The empirical results also authenticate the pollution haven hypothesis since high FDI is the culprit to increase environmental degradation in the PIIGS economies. The participation of renewable energy is found to inhibit CO₂ emissions. Urbanization process exerts huge pressure on environmental quality. Finally, the findings of Dumitrescu …