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Anthracnose is a disease that affect the olive tree caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum. These fungi are responsible to premature fruit drop and a consequent decrease in the oil quality, and also cause defoliation of trees compromising the production of the following years. Currently the best control strategy is based on application of synthetic fungicides, with a regulatory pressure in agriculture worldwide to limit its use. Looking for a sustainable disease management, the present study reports the transcriptional changes of olive genes that encode enzymes directly associated with the maintenance of the balance of oxidative oxygen species (ROS), in response to Colletotrichum sp. infection. The cultivar selected for the studies was ‘Galega vulgar’, known to be extremely susceptible to this disease. Plants used in the experiments were from in vitro culture (to warranty their healthy status), transplanted to pots and maintained under controlled conditions. Leaves of the olive plants were inoculated with a spore suspension of Colletotrichum sp., and leaf samples were collected before fungi inoculation (T0) and at 10 days (T1) and 35 days (T2) after inoculation. Confirmation of the presence of the fungi in inoculated plants was performed following a real-time qPCR approach. The selected target genes for expression analysis were Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Endochitinase_EP3-like (CHI2), Glutathione S-transferase L3-like (TransFL3), Glutathione peroxidase 2 (PEROX2), Glutathione S-transferase THETA 1 (THETA), Glutathione S-transferase DHAR2-like (TransfDHAR), Glutathione peroxidase 5 (PEROX5) and Glutathione peroxidase 8 …